Article text: Wikipedia contributors, Backwater darter (source revision). Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Retrieved 2026-10-11.
Backwater Darter
Etheostoma zonifer
Percidae · freshwater water fish
2 minute read · Species guide

About Backwater Darter
The backwater darter (Etheostoma zonifer), a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, is a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae: part of the family Percidae that also contains the perches, ruffes, and pikeperches. The Backwater darter is endemic to the eastern United States, where it occurs in streams on the coastal plain in the Mobile Bay drainage in Alabama and Mississippi. Specifically, E. zonifer inhabits mud-bottomed, often vegetated, pools of sluggish creeks and small rivers. This species can reach a length of 4.4 cm (1.7 in).
Diet and feeding
The FishTraits compilation records these diet categories for this species: invertebrates or larval fish. These are broad categories, not a claim that every individual consumes every example in a category.
Reported feeding positions include bottom feeding. The compilation combines published observations; diets can vary with age, locality, and available food.
Habitat preferences
Reported habitat associations include streams and small rivers.
The source records associations with muck, clay or silt, sand, vegetation. An association indicates reported use, rather than an exclusive requirement.
Reproduction and parental care
The compilation reports a representative maturity age of 1 years. Its maturity field summarizes mean, median, or modal estimates, usually for females; male estimates can be used when female data are unavailable. It is not a fixed age at which every fish first breeds.
Batch or serial spawning has been reported somewhere in the species’ range. This does not establish the same spawning pattern for every population.
Recorded spawning months are Mar, Apr for the source’s reporting region (MS). This is a regional calendar, not a range-wide schedule.
The reproductive-guild classification includes spawning on open substrates without guarding the brood.
Size and recorded longevity
FishTraits reports a maximum total length of 4.4 centimetres. Some entries use an estimated asymptotic length; this value should not be treated as a certified record catch.
Recorded longevity in the compilation is 2.5 years. Wild observations were preferred, but captive records were accepted where wild records were unavailable, and unspecified records were assumed wild. The value is not a guaranteed wild lifespan or an aquarium life expectancy.
Range
Where it lives
Share of records by state
Habitat
Water and movement
- Water
- WoRMS records this species in fresh water.
- Migration
- Undetermined
Classification
Taxonomy
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Chordata
- Superclass
- Actinopterygii
- Class
- Teleostei
- Order
- Perciformes
- Family
- Percidae
- Genus
- Etheostoma
- Species
- Etheostoma zonifer
- ITIS TSN
- 168450
- WoRMS AphiaID
- 1525387
- GBIF key
- 2382347
Common questions about Backwater Darter
What is the scientific name of Backwater Darter?
Does Backwater Darter live in fresh water or salt water?
Where has Backwater Darter been recorded in the United States?
Closest relatives
Other Etheostoma species
Same family